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What is required for effortful processing?

  1. Repetition of information to maintain it in consciousness

  2. Conscious effort and attention

  3. Immediate recording of sensory details

  4. Processing of stored information

The correct answer is: Conscious effort and attention

Effortful processing refers to the conscious, voluntary, and purposeful encoding of information into long-term memory. This type of processing requires an individual to actively put in effort and pay attention to the information at hand. This sets it apart from automatic processing, which can occur without our conscious awareness. Option A is incorrect because repetition alone is not enough for effortful processing; it also requires conscious effort. Option C is incorrect because immediate recording of sensory details does not necessarily constitute effortful processing. Option D is incorrect because effortful processing refers to the encoding of new information, rather than the processing of already stored information. Thus, option B is the best answer.